What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious medical condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein—most often in the legs. These clots can partially or completely block blood flow, leading to pain, swelling, and other complications. In some cases, part of the clot can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE)—a life-threatening emergency.
Common Signs and Symptoms
DVT can sometimes develop with no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms are present, they may include:
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Swelling in one leg (rarely in both)
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Pain or tenderness in the leg, especially when standing or walking
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Warmth in the affected area
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Red or discolored skin on the leg
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Leg cramps, often starting in the calf
If you experience sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or coughing up blood, seek emergency care immediately—these may be signs of a pulmonary embolism.
What Causes DVT?
DVT develops when blood flow is slowed or disrupted, and clotting factors are increased. Common causes include:
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Prolonged immobility (e.g., long flights or hospital stays)
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Injury or surgery affecting veins, especially in the legs or pelvis
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Medical conditions that increase clotting (e.g., cancer, inherited clotting disorders)
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Hormonal changes, such as from birth control pills or pregnancy
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Obesity or smoking, which damage blood vessels and slow circulation
Risk Factors
You're more likely to develop DVT if you:
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Are over age 60
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Have a family history of blood clots
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Sit for long periods (desk jobs, travel)
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Recently had surgery or were hospitalized
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Are pregnant or recently gave birth
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Use hormone therapy or birth control pills
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Smoke or are overweight
Diagnosis
If DVT is suspected, your doctor may perform:
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Ultrasound imaging to visualize the clot
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D-dimer blood test to detect clotting activity
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Venography or other imaging if ultrasound results are unclear
Early diagnosis is critical to avoid serious complications.
Treatment Options
Treatment aims to stop the clot from growing, prevent it from breaking off, and reduce the risk of future clots.
Common Treatments Include:
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Anticoagulants (blood thinners): Medications like warfarin or newer agents (e.g., apixaban, rivaroxaban) to prevent further clotting.
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Compression stockings: Help reduce swelling and lower the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome.
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Thrombolytics: In severe cases, clot-dissolving drugs may be administered, usually in a hospital setting.
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Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter: Used when blood thinners aren’t an option, this filter helps catch clots before they reach the lungs.
Can DVT Be Prevented?
Yes—especially for those at high risk. Preventive strategies include:
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Staying active and taking breaks from long periods of sitting or lying down
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Wearing compression socks during travel or recovery
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Maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking
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Taking prescribed blood thinners when recommended after surgery or hospitalization
When to Seek Help
If you notice unexplained leg swelling, pain, or redness—especially after recent travel, surgery, or extended inactivity—contact your healthcare provider immediately.
DVT is a serious condition, but it’s also highly treatable when caught early. Awareness and preventive care are key to keeping your blood flowing and your body moving safely.
